The Proportion of p16 Expression in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Immunohistochemistry Examination in the Balinese Population
Abstract
Background: : Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer in men and was the highest in Bali compared to other regions in Indonesia. Around 95% of malignancies in the penis are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) type. One of the risk factors associated with penile squamous cell carcinoma is an infection caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins play a significant role in penile squamous cell carcinoma carcinogenesis. Overexpression of p16 protein can be used as a marker of HPV infection. This study aims to determine the expression of p16 protein in penile squamous cell carcinoma.
Methods: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of p16 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical examination from paraffin block tumors of penile cancer patients. Expression of p16 was observed to be positive when stained with a strong brown color in the nucleus and cytoplasm of tumor cells. The analysis method used in this study is a descriptive statistic to provide a general description of the characteristics of each research variable. The data were processed using SPSS to determine the frequency and median of the age of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma and the prevalence of p16 protein expression in cell penile squamous cell carcinoma. The data shown in this study are the age range and prevalence of p16 protein expression in penile squamous cell carcinoma using the prevalence table.
Results: This study used 142 penile squamous cell carcinoma samples derived from biopsy, partial, and total penectomy. The results of the IHC examination showed that the expression of p16 protein was positive in penile cancer tumor cells in 68 cases (47.9%), with the highest age distribution in the 50–59-year age group (28.2%).
Conclusions: Further research is needed to confirm the correlation between HPV infection and p16 protein overexpression in penile squamous cell carcinoma, including HPV genotyping
Keywords
References
Douglawi A, Masterson TA. Penile cancer
epidemiology and risk factors: A contemporary
review. Curr Opin Urol. 2019;29(2):145–9.
Lestari DPO, Armerinayanti NW. Increasing trend of
penile cancer cases in Bali compared to other regions in Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2018;434(1):0–5.
Lestari DP, Riasa IN, Niramayah PK, et al. The Burden
of Penile Cancer in Bali Compared to Other Provinces
in Indonesia: Penile Cancer. Open Access Macedonian
Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021;9(E):1273-8.
Moch H, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA, et al. The 2016
WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs—Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):93–105.
Pereira-Lourenço M, Vieira e Brito D, Peralta JP, et
al. Prognostic value of p16INK4a overexpression in penile cancer. Arch Ital di Urol e Androl. 2020;92(1):11–6.
De Andrade Martins V, Pinho JD, Júnior AALT, et
al. P16INK4a expression in patients with penile cancer. PLoS One. 2018;13(10).
Wai KC, Strohl MP, van Zante A, Ha PK. Molecular
Diagnostics in Human Papillomavirus-Related Head
and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cells. 2020;9(2):500.
Chipollini J, Chaing S, Azizi M, et al. Advances in understanding of penile carcinogenesis: The search for actionable targets. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(8).
Rampias T, Sasaki C, Psyrri A. Molecular mechanisms
of HPV induced carcinogenesis in head and neck. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(5):356–63.
Laksmini LY, Widiana GR, Sriwidyani NP, Mulyadi K.
Ekspresi P16INK4a pada squamous cell carcinoma serviks teri. Maj Patol. 2014;23(3):24–31.
Ciesielska U, Zatonski T, Nowinska K, et al. Expression of cell cycle-related proteins p16, p27 and Ki-67 proliferating marker in laryngeal squamous cell
carcinomas and in laryngeal papillomas. Anticancer
Res. 2017;37(5):2407–15.
Kidd LC, Chaing S, Chipollini J, et al. Relationship
between human papillomavirus and penile cancerimplications for prevention and treatment. Transl
Androl Urol. 2017;6(5):791–802.
Sand FL, Rasmussen CL, Frederiksen MH, et al.
Prognostic significance of HPV and p16 status in men diagnosed with penile cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018;27(10):1123–32.
Eich ML, del Carmen Rodriguez Pena M, Schwartz
L, et al. Morphology, p16, HPV, and outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: a multiinstitutional study. Hum Pathol. 2020;96:79–86.
Hansen BT, Orumaa M, Lie AK, et al. Trends in
incidence, mortality and survival of penile squamous
cell carcinoma in Norway 1956–2015. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(8):1586–93.
Vieira CB, Feitoza L, Pinho J, et al. Profile of patients
with penile cancer in the region with the highest
worldwide incidence. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–7.
Bruno L. Risk factors associated with the development of penile neoplasms. J Chem Inf Model.
;53(9):1689–99.
Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, et al. Penile cancer.
Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2021;7(1):1–24.
Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M. Chronic
Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as a Major Cause
of Age- Related Diseases and Cancer. Recent Pat
Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2009;3(1):73–80.
Lestari DPO, Mulyadi K, Moestikaningsih. Hubungan
Positif Ukuran Tumor, Grade, Invasi Uretra, Invasi Intra Vasa, Invasi Perineural Dan Overekspresi Cox2 Pada Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa Penis Dengan Terjadinya Metastasis Ke Kelenjar Getah Bening Inguinal. Majalah Patologi. 2014;24(3):34-40.
White MC, Holman DM, Boehm JE, et al. Age and
cancer risk: A potentially modifiable relationship. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46(3 SUPPL. 1):S7.
Montes Cardona CE, García-Perdomo HA. Incidence
of penile cancer worldwide: systematic review and
meta-analysis. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 12;41:1–10.
Yu YB, Wang YH, Yang XC, et al. The relationship
between human papillomavirus and penile cancer over the past decade: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 2019;21(4):375–80.
Slovin SF, Augusto Ornellas A, Ye D, et al. Importance
of HPV in Chinese Penile Cancer: A Contemporary Multicenter Study. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1521.
Ozawa H. Principles and basics of immunohistochemistry. Folia Pharmacol Jpn. 2019;154(4):156–64.
Arista A, Murtiastutik D, Setyaningrum T, et al. Profil
Ekspresi p16 ink4a dan Tipe Human papillomavirus
(HPV) pada Pasien Kondilomata Akuminata Wanita
(p16 ink4a Expression Profile and Human papillomavirus (HPV) Type in Female Condyloma
Akuminata Patients). Period Dermatology Venereol. 2018;30(2):2–8.
De Andrade Martins V, Pinho JD, Júnior AALT, et
al. P16INK4a expression in patients with penile cancer. Tornesello ML, editor. PLoS One. 2018;13(10): e0205350.
Lohneis P, Boral S, Kaufmann AM, et al. Human
papilloma virus status of penile squamous cell carcinoma is associated with differences intumourinfiltrating T lymphocytes. Virchows Arch. 2015;466(3):323–31.
Martínez-Bailón C, Mantilla-Morales A,MéndezMatías G, et al. Human papillomavirus genotypes and P16INK4A expression in squamous penile carcinoma in Mexican patients. BMC Infect Dis.
;19(1):1–8.
Zito Marino F, Ronchi A, Stilo M, et al. Multiplex
HPV RNA in situ hybridization/p16 immunohistochemistry: A novel approach to detect
papillomavirus in HPV-related cancers. A novel multiplex ISH/IHC assay to detect HPV. Infect Agent
Cancer. 2020;15(1):4–11.
DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v16i2.871
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 30 timesPDF - 25 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Indonesian Journal of Cancer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Email this article 
